STRESS: CAUSES AND EFFECTSIntroductionStress is a natural physical and psychological response to demands, pressures, or challenges in life. It occurs when a person feels unable to cope with a situation or perceives a threat to their well-being. Stress can be positive (motivating) or negative (harmful), depending on its intensity and duration.Causes of StressThe causes of stress are known as stressors. These can be internal or external and vary from person to person.1. Academic and Work-Related CausesExcessive workloadTight deadlinesExams and testsFear of failure or poor performanceJob insecurityPoor working conditionsLack of promotion or low salary2. Financial CausesLack of moneyDebt and loansHigh cost of livingUnemploymentUnexpected expenses3. Family and Relationship CausesMarital problemsDivorce or separationConflicts with parents or childrenLoss of a loved oneDomestic responsibilities4. Health-Related CausesChronic illnessPain or injuryPoor dietLack of sleepDrug or alcohol abuse5. Social and Environmental CausesPeer pressureBullying or harassmentOvercrowdingNoise and pollutionTraffic congestionInsecurity and crime6. Psychological and Personal CausesLow self-esteemPerfectionismFear and anxietyNegative thinkingPoor time managementTypes of StressAcute Stress – Short-term stress caused by immediate challenges (e.g. exams).Chronic Stress – Long-term stress from ongoing problems (e.g. poverty).Eustress – Positive stress that motivates performance.Distress – Negative stress that harms health.Effects of StressStress affects the body, mind, emotions, and behavior.1. Physical EffectsHeadachesFatigueHigh blood pressureHeart diseaseWeakened immune systemMuscle painDigestive problemsSleep disorders2. Psychological EffectsAnxietyDepressionPoor concentrationForgetfulnessConfusionMental exhaustion3. Emotional EffectsIrritabilityAngerMood swingsFeeling overwhelmedLow motivationRestlessness4. Behavioral EffectsOvereating or loss of appetiteSmoking or alcohol abuseSocial withdrawalAggressive behaviorPoor academic/work performanceProcrastination5. Social EffectsPoor relationshipsFamily conflictsIsolationReduced productivity at work or schoolPositive Effects of Stress (Eustress)Not all stress is bad. In small amounts, stress can:Increase alertness and focusImprove motivationEnhance performanceEncourage problem-solvingHelp people adapt to challenges